Carbon Credits cost more than you think – Carbon Credit Series: Part One
Originally published at 21st Century Wire. This series delves into the thriving industry based on Carbon Credits. Part One here develops an understanding of Carbon offsets and takes a couple of case studies to show how they can end up harming the environment and native Amazon tribes. You can hear a discussion on this article and it’s themes here.
Carbon Credits cost more than you think – Carbon Credit Series: Part One
The moral shortcut of carbon offsets generates real world harms for the indigenous Amazon tribes and rainforests which such schemes pretend to protect.
I was recently lucky enough to be able to book a ferry from the UK to France. After years of stifling regulation on free movement, in August of 2022, one could finally travel across the English Channel without nasal swabs, without saliva tests; and without presenting government sanctioned barcodes. It only took us 3 years to get over the influenza paranoia and back to a calmer state of affairs. For that we should be thankful.
Now on the booking page for the ferry something caught my eye. It was an optional tickbox at the bottom of the form. It said: “Would you like to pay £2.50 to offset the carbon footprint for your journey?”. This piqued my interest and so I dug deeper. For starters I followed the link provided to carbonfootprint.com. It explains the basics of a carbon footprint and the dogma of the greenhouse effect in excessively simple terms. In fact there are a number of typographical errors in their website. Here you can learn that: “Climate Change (also known as Global Warming) [has caused temperature rise] … with increasingly levels of human activity.” [sic]. It reminds me of projects in school where someone would copy and paste sections of text from a website and hand it in as their own work. Thus I deemed this website no great authority on the subject.
However, this company registered an income of over £7 million in 2022 so far. This money comes from their carbon calculator service – which pretty much converts ‘miles travelled’ to ‘tons of CO2’ and then offers a byway into a carbon offset marketplace. In fact Carbon markets have expanded to over £250 million in the last year, and the World Economic Forum points to it as the main means of fighting climate change1. It looks like a great business to be in right now – people will throw money at you to assuage their guilt over the nefarious carbon they emit just by existing. The ferry company simply offers a tickbox, funnelling money over to a middleman to purchase carbon offsets, also known as carbon credits, on your behalf. So we dig deeper, into those services on offer.
What we browse a carbon offset marketplace we find pictures of happy Malaysian coffee farmers, shiny solar panelled roofs and scenic windfarms rising over rolling hills. There is no question as to the efficacy of these projects, their mere existence is a Carbon offset. The amount of Carbon saved by a windfarm is calculated as the amount of ‘clean’ energy generated versus how much CO2 would be generated using solid fuel generators. They do not take into account the high intensity coal burnt to melt the steel for the wind turbine’s huge fins, nor the multiple intercontinental lorries and boats to transport the hundreds of meters of steel poles to the site, nor the metric tonnes of electric components which make up the turbine’s generator and miles of cabling. I posit that those factors would actually offset any supposed ‘gains’ from building such projects.
Now these ‘renewable’ projects make up only a small part of the carbon offset market. Note the quotation marks – yes the wind and sun is renewable but the steel, copper, rare earth metals and coal used to build these projects are far from renewable. Furthermore it is not in the interest of the Carbon profiteers to include these exogenous factors in their calculation as it would eat away their profit, and rot their moral argument of ‘saving the planet’. As we dig deeper through the spongy loams of renewables, we find thicker clay below.
The biggest and most common Carbon offset schemes are simply forests. Most of the offerings in Carbon marketplaces are forests, particularly in East Asian, African and South American nations. This is no coincidence, since the 1970s and the inception of “Sustainable Development” the North / South divide on environmentalism has existed. The ‘North’ is made up of the industrial empires of the last two centuries, also confusingly referred to as ‘the West’. I always seek to avoid using the loaded terms ‘developed nation’ or ‘rich country / poor country’ as they embody that divisive and elitist ideology. But it is this ‘North’ which seeks to regulate the growth of the ‘South’ as they ascend the ladder of industrialisation. We will explore these themes further in Part two of the Carbon Credit Series. I will leave you with a quote from Brazilian Miguel Osório de Almeida in 1971 at the first Stockholm conference on climate:
“to be many and to be poor is offensive to the sights and feelings of developed countries. Most of their suggestions do not concern cooperation for increasing income, but cooperation to reduce numbers”2
Through this lens, the rosy photographs of rainforests feel more than a little phoney. In fact there is a false logic behind these forest investment vehicles. The official Carbon offset offered by a forest is in fact the amount of CO2 the trees suck up each year, as they have for millennia. The only value being packaged and sold on these marketplaces is not cutting down the trees. Therefore, by not cutting down a forest, the company is maintaining a ‘Carbon sink’ and thus negating my ferry’s carbon footprint. One is paying the landowner for doing nothing. This logic has an acronym and it is slapped all over these heralded offset projects: REDD. That is a UN scheme called ‘Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation’. I would re-name it to, ‘Sell off indigenous forests to global investors’. Now if you think my take is too strong, let us drill deeper into the bedrock of the issue.
REDD projects say they protect forests. That is the value sold around the world through carbon markets. Yet the truth seems a lot less green. In Indonesia for example, the Katingan REDD project has displaced indigenous farmers. Those farmers who use traditional farming techniques are no longer allowed into their ancient forest as it is now a global asset.3 It’s biggest creditor is Shell, the notorious oil company. Shell themselves present the project as part of their greenwashing initiative with a heartwarming page on their website4. However, despite the claims to be protecting the forest, swathes of it are being converted to palm oil plantation amidst local corruption. This means that even as ancient hardwoods are displaced for quick-profit palm oil trees, they still count the same in carbon credit terms. All of this occurs whilst the forest had already been designated and protected by the Indonesian government decades previously. That is not enough for REDD, who take over control of the forest on behalf of their creditors. Most shockingly though is the fact that those REDD protectors, paid up by carbon markets, allowed huge wildfires to rampage through 9000 hectares of the Katingan rainforest, emitting tonnes of CO2 in the process. One investigator interrogated Verra, the carbon credit certification body about these wildfires:
“Dupont-Nivet asks whether Shell’s carbon credits will remain valid even if all of Shell’s “climate forest” goes up in smoke? “Correct,” Swickard replies. “We have done extensive analyses with scenarios and models to ensure robustness.”5
Well we can sleep well at night knowing that Shell’s carbon offset rainforest is being protected by “analyses with scenarios and models to ensure robustness”. And that the forest is safe in the hands of Permian Global, appointed by REDD to protect the forest. Permian Global being a Luxembourg based finance firm created by ex-Barclays bankers, safe hands I’m sure.
Now in the climate change movement, no rainforest gets more attention than the Amazon. Sometimes referred to as the lungs of the world, it’s also home to hundreds of rare exotic species of animal and plant. Yet the cursory interest people have in ‘saving the Amazon’ may not be doing any good. By making the Amazon a target for conservation, the environmental movement has opened it up to financial exploitation by ‘green’ financial vultures. Let us turn to Brazil, home of the Amazon rainforest, and therefore home to some of the worst abuses of nature in the name of carbon offset.
If you invest money into Brazil, it’s likely to go through the BNDES: Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social – the National Bank of Economic and Social Development. The BNDES is a government owned investment vehicle which funnels international funds into Brazil. In fact more than half of its funds go to private entities, thus it is essentially a public-private partnership. When a company buys and sells carbon credits in Brazil, the money goes through the BNDES. I see this as a problem, a point of vulnerability to corruption. With billions of pesos slushing through its coffers, the BNDES has fallen prey to ill-meaning profiteers. For starters you can read about the Car Wash scandal, unearthed in 2014: where billions of funds from the BNDES were laundered through oil giant Petrobras. The scandal ripped through the Brazilian political system like a wildfire rips through a protected Indonesian rainforest. Such was the scale of the crisis it even has its own entry in the Encyclopaedia Brittanica6.
Even whilst the BNDES was in hot water over rampant corruption, its activities continued.7 Not content with mere financial harm, they were complicit in ethnocide and ecocide. Here we have one of the most egregious cases of carbon credit corruption. Funds given in good intention eventually percolated down through to generate real world harms to the Amazon and her peoples. We turn to the case of the Belo Monte Dam.
Belo Monte is to be the 3rd largest dam in the world. It blocks the Xingu River in central Brazil, and a tributary of the great Amazon River. The river runs through acres of indigenous tribal lands and pristine rainforest. The proposed cost of the dam was upwards of $14 billion, although anyone who has built an enormous hydroelectric dam knows that these costs can expand as the project unfolds. The dam would go on to double in price. The BNDES approved a loan in 2012 to Norte Energia SA of $10.8billion for the dam. Yet even then there were questions as to the efficacy of the dam. Plans had been pushed through without great oversight as to the viability of the dam’s hydroelectric capacity – supposedly to produce up to a third of Brazil’s electricity demand. Amazon Watch, a political pressure group, actually did a study in 2011 to show that Belo Monte would never generate enough electricity to break even on cost.8
“Critics allege that Brazil’s energy planning, and BNDES funding of dams, is focused on awarding large contracts to big construction companies rather than on the public good, with near total disregard for the dams’ economic viability, environmental impacts and indigenous harm in the Amazon.”9
What happened when the project was undertaken was criminal, on many levels. 80% of the Xingu River’s flow was diverted, with massive ramifications to the wildlife and people of the river. 7 indigenous tribes had their lands flooded and destroyed. Without that, many of them have sadly disappeared, an ethnocide. Furthermore, industrial activity has negatively affected many other tribes in the region. The Belo Monte, Beautiful Mountain Dam, actually entailed ripping apart multiple hillsides, deforesting and digging out the fragile soils. Dynamite was used extensively to blow up the bedrock of the area prior to construction. When responding to a piece on the project by investigative journalists, the BNDES stated:
“The BNDES did not “contribute” with money to help the construction of hydroelectric plants. What we do is to provide loans that are being repaid, with interest. The BNDES’ operations generate income and jobs in Brazil, and the Bank is very profitable…”9
Not only is the BNDES a profitable enterprise for international scumbags, but it is a vessel for carbon cowboys to exploit the Amazon. One paper, which investigated 12 REDD projects in the Amazon found that carbon credit schemes consistently overstated carbon emission reductions. In particular they highlighted the profit incentive as a reason for this obfuscation.
“Results suggest that the accepted methodologies for quantifying carbon credits overstate impacts on avoided deforestation and climate change mitigation.”10
As we will elucidate in part two of this article, there is a whole industry of carbon cowboys: those groups of people who do the greenwashing on behalf of big business. They inflate the perceived benefit of carbon sinks and forests, pretending they will absorb millions of tons of CO2, to justify massive investments. They then sell these financial instruments on at a huge profit – without having any accountability to the forests or their residents. Nor do they have any accountability to the buyers of carbon credits, who may be Shell, but they may also be innocent ferry passengers, who thought that ticking a box on the website would help make the world £2.50 better off.
We should be wary of these carbon credit schemes. With so little oversight, and so much mismanagement, they offer huge incentives for corruption. The end result of which can be tragic. A farce and a shame when we consider what benefit that money and energy could have had. Whilst millions suffer from poverty in the slums of Brazil, their government channels billions of dollars to private pockets behind their backs. Unviable dams are allowed to flood indigenous tribes and priceless rainforests, all in the name of preventing climate change. This is why I am wary of shallow environmental statements and groups which demand that we “Act Now!”11 without offering deeper insights into the real-world implications of that action. What we risk with such statements is a ‘rush to war’ such as happened in Iraq in 2003. Justified on humanitarian grounds, the West ushered in an era of violent terror in the region, still aflame today at an incalculable cost of human pain. Let’s not do the same in the name of climate change.
1 Carbon markets turnover $250m in 2020, a rise of 20%: W.E.F.
2 Miguel Osório de Almeida quote “To be many and to be poor is offensive…”
https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/seminar/application/pdf/sem_pre_brazil.pdf
3 Katingan REDD project – Indigenous displacement, Wildfires and Palm Oil
4 Shell’s Katignan promotional webpage
5 Dupont-Nivet’s article investigating Katingan wildfires (Dutch)
https://www.groene.nl/artikel/het-klimaatbos-gaat-in-rook-op
6 Encyclopaedia Brittanica entry for Petrobras [Car Wash] Scandal
https://www.britannica.com/event/Petrobras-scandal
7 BNDES under investigation by presidential probe
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-bndes-idUSKCN1NE04G
8 Amazon Watch report on Belo Monte Dam’s hydroelectric viability
https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/BMD2011-investment-risks.pdf
9 Investigative report into BNDES and Belo Monte dam
10 Paper: Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon
https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2004334117
11 Act Now! Extinction Rebellion’s call to arms
143 responses to “Carbon Credits cost more than you think – Carbon Credit Series: Part One”
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you.
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks!
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks! https://www.binance.com/en/register?ref=JHQQKNKN
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good. https://www.binance.com/es-MX/register?ref=JHQQKNKN
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article. https://accounts.binance.com/register?ref=P9L9FQKY
lovely blog, SEO Brand (Search Engine Optimization for Branding) adalah strategi untuk meningkatkan visibilitas, kredibilitas, dan kesadaran terhadap merek Anda di hasil pencarian. Fokusnya bukan hanya mendapatkan lalu lintas (traffic) tetapi juga menciptakan kepercayaan dan pengakuan terhadap merek Anda
Wow Thanks for this content i find it hard to search for good quality knowledge out there when it comes to this subject material thank for the thread website
Wow Thanks for this write-up i find it hard to get good quality content out there when it comes to this material appreciate for the article website
Wow Thanks for this page i find it hard to unearth decent specifics out there when it comes to this material thank for the post website
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good.
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks!
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you.
Wow Thanks for this page i find it hard to track down exceptional particulars out there when it comes to this content appreciate for the review website
Wow Thanks for this write-up i find it hard to search for exceptional facts out there when it comes to this content thank for the article website
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article.
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article.
link:Wow Thanks for this information i find it hard to see smart important info out there when it comes to this material thank for the site site
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good.
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article.
Wow Thanks for this publish i find it hard to find good quality tips out there when it comes to this subject material thank for the thread website
Wow Thanks for this article i find it hard to search for good important info out there when it comes to this subject matter thank for the publish site
Wow Thanks for this page i find it hard to find exceptional answers out there when it comes to this material appreciate for the article site
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks!
UID_74743238###
Ini dia! 🎉🎉 ASN BKN Ubah Pola Kerja yang baru dan efisien! 🎉🎉.
UID_83344528###
Inilah 🎉🎉 Pupuk Inovatif Kebun Riset Kujang yang bikin Wamen BUMN bangga! 💪🏻🇮🇩
UID_21891068###
Takjub 😮 dengan fenomena serbu gas? Yuk, baca Warung Tatang Diserbu Warga dan temukan faktanya! 🕵️♀️👀
UID_21891068###
Takjub 😮 dengan fenomena serbu gas? Yuk, baca Warung Tatang Diserbu Warga dan temukan faktanya! 🕵️♀️👀
UID_25978847###
situs terbaik hanya di slot gacor agentotoplay
706019 184708Hello, I think your blog might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your blog in Chrome, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, excellent blog! 95528
UID_95859078###
Baru-baru ini, para pemain Mahjong Wins 3 dikejutkan dengan bocoran RTP yang diklaim bisa meningkatkan peluang kemenangan secara signifikan. Banyak yang percaya bahwa informasi ini membantu mereka mendapatkan hasil yang lebih konsisten dalam permainan. Jika Anda ingin tahu lebih lanjut, cek bocoran RTP Mahjong Wins 3 hari ini dan lihat apakah strategi ini benar-benar efektif.
UID_57331425###
Skandal terbaru mengguncang komunitas pecinta game slot setelah seorang admin terkenal, Rachel, dikabarkan tertangkap membocorkan pola kemenangan Gate of Olympus. Banyak yang bertanya-tanya apakah informasi ini benar-benar akurat atau hanya sekadar rumor yang beredar di kalangan pemain. Simak lebih lanjut detailnya dalam artikel admin Rachel tertangkap bocorkan pola Gate of Olympus.
UID_17136916###
Kisah inspiratif datang dari seorang tukang ojek online asal Tangerang yang berhasil membawa pulang hadiah fantastis setelah bermain Mahjong Ways 2. Dengan modal kecil, ia sukses mengubah nasibnya dan meraih kemenangan besar senilai 200 juta rupiah. Penasaran bagaimana caranya? Simak kisah lengkapnya di artikel tukang ojek online menang 200 juta dari Mahjong Ways 2.
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks!
UID_87427935###
Cek yuk! 🚍👮♂️Operasi Keselamatan 2025 Polres Ciamis Siapa tahu bus favoritmu jadi sasaran! 😱👍
UID_18563832###
Ini yang di ganti >>> Yuk, ketahui lebih lanjut tentang Syarat Gabung OECD dan Pentingnya Ratifikasi Konvensi Antisuap di sini! 🕵️♀️🔎📚.
UID_83003169###
Kenalan yuk! 🤝 Dengan guru inspiratif ini, Guru Dede Sulaeman yang mengajarkan cara merapikan pakaian di kelasnya. 👕👚🎓
UID_97211224###
Yuk, sehat bersama! 👨⚕️👩⚕️ Cek kondisi tubuh kamu di Program Cek Kesehatan Gratis sekarang juga! 💉🌡️ Selalu jaga kesehatan, ya! 🏥💖
UID_73333764###
awokk
UID_81081748###
Ini dia 📢📢 Pentingnya Aktivasi Siskamling Jombang 👮♂️👮♀️ untuk mengurangi kriminalitas! Kita semua harus waspada dan berpartisipasi 🤝🔐.
UID_68661525###
Ini dia kabar terbaru! 📰🔥 Pihak Ketiga Dibalik Pemalsuan Izin Pagar Laut 💼🌊 Siapa dia? Klik link untuk info lengkap! 🕵️♂️🔍
UID_42868144###
wadidawwwwwwwwwwww
UID_57599291###
wasiaaaappppp
UID_49830205###
Situs terpercaya Agentotoplay siap memberikan pengalaman slot online terbaik dengan kemenangan maksimal! 💰
UID_11426154###
Bergabunglah dengan agen Toto Play untuk menikmati permainan taruhan online paling seru dan menguntungkan! 🎯
UID_32712501###
Wow! 😲 Ternyata Golkar Dukung Prabowo Maju Pilpres 2029 lho! 🎉 Bagaimana pendapat kalian? 🤔💭
UID_32712501###
Wow! 😲 Ternyata Golkar Dukung Prabowo Maju Pilpres 2029 lho! 🎉 Bagaimana pendapat kalian? 🤔💭
UID_58463375###
Jangan lewatkan! 📣📣📣 Rizki dan Pengalaman Memanfaatkan Cek Kesehatan Gratis Bayar? Pikir dua kali! 😮💸💸💸.
UID_16923687###
Mau nonton film terbaru? Cek lk21 sekarang!
UID_39035559###
Jangan ketinggalan film terbaru hanya di lk21.
UID_39035559###
Jangan ketinggalan film terbaru hanya di lk21.
UID_71621535###
Streaming film favoritmu gratis di lk21 tanpa ribet.
UID_45925742###
Update film terbaru setiap hari hanya di lk21.
UID_45925742###
Update film terbaru setiap hari hanya di lk21.
UID_67563685###
Temukan koleksi film seru di lk21 dengan kualitas terbaik.
UID_57949577###
Agen Toto Play menghadirkan pengalaman bermain slot online dengan RTP tinggi dan bonus melimpah setiap hari! 🎰💰
UID_67604011###
Menangkan jackpot besar bersama Agentotopay, situs terpercaya dengan permainan slot gacor dan layanan terbaik! 🔥🎯
UID_87472693###
Bergabunglah di Agen Toto Play sekarang dan nikmati berbagai promo menarik serta free spin setiap hari! 🎁🎰
UID_95439008###
Agentotoplay adalah pilihan utama untuk slot online dengan kemenangan mudah dan proses transaksi cepat! ⚡💵
UID_95439008###
Agentotoplay adalah pilihan utama untuk slot online dengan kemenangan mudah dan proses transaksi cepat! ⚡💵
UID_82375370###
Mainkan game favoritmu di Agen Toto Play dan raih kemenangan spektakuler dengan fitur slot gacor terbaik! 🎊🔥
UID_71804096###
Agen Toto Play menghadirkan slot online gacor dengan RTP tinggi dan peluang jackpot besar setiap hari! 🎰💰
UID_92063078###
Mainkan slot favoritmu di Agentotoplay dan nikmati kemenangan maksimal dengan fitur free spin melimpah! 🔥🎁
UID_80701695###
Dengan Agen Toto Play, setiap putaran slot menjadi kesempatan emas untuk menang besar dan membawa pulang hadiah! 💎🎯
UID_38709295###
Jangan lewatkan promo eksklusif dari Agentotoplay, tempat terbaik untuk pengalaman slot online yang seru dan menguntungkan! 🎰💵
UID_40805327###
Agen Toto Play adalah solusi bagi pecinta slot yang mencari kemenangan mudah, cepat, dan pasti cair! ⚡💰
UID_78195082###
idlix punya banyak film seru untuk ditonton kapan saja.
UID_47368981###
Cari film terbaru? Cek idlix sekarang juga.
UID_99018999###
Pengen maraton film? Langsung ke idlix!
UID_34914078###
Koleksi film terupdate bisa kamu temukan di idlix.
UID_88654138###
Nonton film dengan subtitle Indonesia hanya di idlix.
UID_98520627###
Ada film baru? Cek langsung di layarkaca21.
UID_98520627###
Ada film baru? Cek langsung di layarkaca21.
UID_42318366###
Nikmati berbagai film terbaik di layarkaca21 sekarang.
UID_51498345###
Streaming gratis dan mudah hanya di layarkaca21.
UID_86325828###
Temukan film favoritmu di layarkaca21 dengan resolusi terbaik.
UID_74575696###
Pilihan film lengkap bisa kamu tonton di layarkaca21.
UID_40963841###
Pengen streaming film terbaru? Langsung ke rebahin sekarang!
UID_14517542###
Nonton film tanpa batas di rebahin.
UID_14517542###
Nonton film tanpa batas di rebahin.
UID_83350326###
Streaming anti ribet hanya di rebahin gratis.
UID_44216097###
Ayo nikmati koleksi film keren di rebahin sekarang.
UID_20162494###
Maraton film lebih seru dengan rebahin.
UID_87212262###
Tonton film terbaru di indoxxi dengan subtitle Indonesia.
UID_87212262###
Tonton film terbaru di indoxxi dengan subtitle Indonesia.
UID_31545307###
Cari film berkualitas? Kunjungi indoxxi sekarang.
UID_27011249###
Jangan sampai ketinggalan film terbaru di indoxxi.
UID_43757086###
Koleksi film terlengkap ada di indoxxi.
UID_98625669###
Download dan streaming film favorit hanya di indoxxi.
UID_90808003###
Nonton film seru dan gratis hanya di layar kaca 21.
UID_28890956###
Temukan film dengan kualitas terbaik di layar kaca 21.
UID_83731332###
Streaming film jadi lebih mudah dengan layar kaca 21.
UID_97407895###
Yuk, maraton film di layar kaca 21 sekarang!
UID_70329956###
Film terbaru selalu update di layar kaca 21.
UID_60201981###
Jangan lewatkan film terbaru di lk 21.
UID_60201981###
Jangan lewatkan film terbaru di lk 21.
UID_47000771###
Streaming lebih seru di lk 21 tanpa buffering.
UID_23842789###
Nonton film gratis di lk 21 sekarang!
UID_32188467###
Temukan film favoritmu di lk 21.
UID_73315471###
Update film terbaru setiap hari hanya di lk 21.
UID_20515935###
Jelajahi film terbaik di dunia21 sekarang!
UID_88860628###
Streaming film favorit lebih mudah di dunia21.
UID_59843783###
Nonton film tanpa batas hanya di dunia21.
UID_31642382###
Update film setiap hari ada di dunia21.
UID_81707401###
Koleksi film lengkap bisa kamu akses di dunia21.
UID_14842634###
Nonton movie kapan saja dan di mana saja.
UID_19686787###
Streaming film terbaru dengan mudah di nonton movie.
UID_37840870###
Temukan film terbaik hanya di nonton movie.
UID_37840870###
Temukan film terbaik hanya di nonton movie.
UID_47715216###
Film terbaru selalu update di nonton movie.
UID_41220821###
Pengen maraton film? Coba nonton movie sekarang!
UID_41220821###
Pengen maraton film? Coba nonton movie sekarang!
UID_86666902###
Ini yang di ganti >>> Wah, kamu tau gak sih? 79 Desa di Jawa Barat jadi Sarang PSK Menurut Pj Gubernur loh! 🙀👀.
UID_86666902###
Ini yang di ganti >>> Wah, kamu tau gak sih? 79 Desa di Jawa Barat jadi Sarang PSK Menurut Pj Gubernur loh! 🙀👀.
UID_55058959###
Inilah berita terbaru! 📢📢 Bareskrim Diminta Tetapkan Kades Kohod sebagai DPO! 💥💥 Apa tanggapanmu? 😮
UID_33318432###
Ini yang di ganti >>> 😱🚨 Kejadian Gila! Pria Hancurkan Fasilitas Taman di Malang! 🚧🏃♂️.
UID_80343489###
Berita Heboh! 🚨👮♂️ Gadungan Polisi di Bogor Dibekuk dalam aksi penipuan! 😱💔
UID_71145013###
Ini dia! 📢🎉 Fenerbahce Dekati 16 Besar Liga Europa dengan kemenangan spektakuler! 🏆⚽️
UID_59443646###
Ingin tahu siapa pengganti Deschamps? 🤔 Cek Zidane sebagai kandidat ideal yang disebut-sebut oleh Deschamps! ⚽🔥
Wow Thanks for this blog post i find it hard to obtain awesome particulars out there when it comes to this subject material thank for the guide website
Wow Thanks for this content i find it hard to realize great details out there when it comes to this topic thank for the content site
Wow Thanks for this page i find it hard to get beneficial details out there when it comes to this subject material thank for the guide website
UID_63505214###
Sensasi Hiburan Tanpa Batas! 🎬🔥 Nikmati Sensasi Hiburan Tanpa Batas di LK21 dan Peluang Menang yang Menanti! 💥 🎉
UID_44053434###
test morning
UID_70854539###
Berkomitmen untuk inovasi berkelanjutan dan manajemen proyek konstruksi yang profesional, kami siap menjadi mitra terpercaya Anda dalam mewujudkan proyek konstruksi berkualitas tinggi.
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you.
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article.
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good.
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you. https://www.binance.com/join?ref=P9L9FQKY
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good. https://www.binance.info/join?ref=IJFGOAID
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks! https://accounts.binance.info/register?ref=P9L9FQKY
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you. https://accounts.binance.com/tr/register?ref=W0BCQMF1
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good.