Blake Lovewell

Sango Coin: Post-Colonial CAR and the State of Crypto

Sango Coin: Post-Colonial CAR and the State of Crypto – Blake Lovewell

Originally Published on 21st Century Wire. A Discussion of National adoption of cryptocurrency in Central African Republic and delving into the collapse of Celsius amidst a wider cryptocurrency shakedown.

Sango Coin: Post-Colonial CAR and the State of Crypto

As the Bitcoin revolution reaches the level of the nation state, we look at the current trends in crypto-currency worldwide, with a particular focus on Africa.

The Central African Republic (CAR for short) has been independent of colonial rule for 62 years. It is one of the richest nations on Earth, replete with abundant natural resources; oil, coal, uranium for energy, gold, silver and copper for industry, as well as some of the world’s largest diamond mines and most productive arable lands and lumberyards. It also has the Congo River which offers abundant hydro-electric energy. Yet, it is still a desperately poor country in human and socioeconomic terms. It has some of the very lowest economic indicators in the world – high infant mortality, and civil wars which keep CAR in a perpetually dire condition. Its people, instead of being able to relish the Edenic land they were born into, have instead been enslaved, having had their lands pillaged. It’s a nation which has been largely discarded following generations of colonial exploitation over the last few centuries.

As far back as the 1600s, the local currency has been debased by European travellers. Akori beads, delicate beads of high quality design and rare metals, were once widespread as a legitimate currency among African traders. Their source was unknown, but thought to be in Ghana, while some speculate that the most valuable beads were from meteoric metals. These fine beads functioned for 2,000 years as a medium of exchange throughout Africa. Then, when European travellers arrived with cheaply produced factory beads, they were able to, in effect, buy the whole country. Their exploitation ran so deep that these beads were forever tarnished and are now referred to as ‘slave beads’. For decades, the price of a central African slave was measured in beads. And after tumultuous road to CAR independence, not much has changed. The government is still today deliberately weakened by outside forces who in a mafia like fashion, continue the resource-plunder unabated.

This is the picture of an African country, exploited by Europe, now mired in poverty. It is sad, but all too common tale. Yet, there’s something new happening in CAR. Now the eagle-eyed news scourers may have seen talk of a Bitcoin law being passed in CAR’s legislature this April. The government had announced deliberations to follow the path of El Salvador in Central America, by adopting Bitcoin crypto currency as legal tender. This means the state would provide infrastructure for the use of Bitcoin in private and public transactions. This radical move would allow the 50% of the population who have no bank account to have some access to goods and services. On another level it could allow the State of CAR to slip out from under the US-dollar dominated economic hegemony – those vultures at the IMF, World Bank and Bank of International Settlements. I will not paint Bitcoin as purely a panacea as it has its own flaws. I will not paint Bitcoin as purely a panacea as it has its own flaws. For example, many in CAR don’t have access to computers, phones or internet. Yet it is well worth exploring alternative avenues for a country that has been utterly failed by the dominant system.

However, as with many new bitcoiners, CAR was lured in by an alt-coin promising even bigger benefits than mere Bitcoin. CAR’s president was wooed by a pair of controversial crypto personalities, Brian Armstrong of Coinbase fame, and Sam Bankman Fried. They worked with the office of President Touadéra to create Sango Coin. Named after one of the nation’s languages, Sango Coin was to be a national currency. Not just a centralised currency controlled by the state, it would be tied to CAR’s abundant natural resources.

Like so many other such alt-coin projects in the crypto-currency sphere, Sango Coin appears to have been over-hyped and pumped up as a potential boon for speculators. This week saw the CAR’s official launch of Sango Coin, but so far, the initial offering was not as successful as its designers would have hoped, recording only $1.09 million in the first 24 hours.

The marketing pitch should be familiar by now. Sango’s sleek website invites you to join the elite club of coin holders. If you buy in early you enter a draw to win plots of actual land in Africa. Furthermore, if you invest $60,000 USD equivalent today, you can earn yourself CAR citizenship. They even went as far as promoting a new ‘Crypto Island’ on the River Congo, a new hub for the tech industry. Yet, you have to marvel at the innovation here. Certainly, it’s one of the most bold crypto offering yet.

Yet the small print was never very clear. Many questioned how natural assets would be tied into the blockchain. If it mirrors Wall Street’s ‘Natural Asset Corporations’ then it does not bode well. It does seem ripe for exploitation by those same colonial powers of yore. It didn’t open up its books for people to check the distribution methods of the coin and did not readily gain much trust internationally. Furthermore Sango Coin was never a ‘proof-of-work’ currency like Bitcoin. Here we must take a small diversion into nerd territory but hold on to your thinking caps, it’s worth learning.

In Bitcoin, new coins are created by miners. They exert an amount of energy to solve a complex sum then enter that into the global database, the blockchain, of Bitcoin. Thereby proving who created and owns that coin. It is an expense to buy energy to mine Bitcoin, but the intrinsic value of a Bitcoin as a scarce and provable digital asset, gives it a higher market price. You can therefore think of Bitcoin as an energy currency. Similar to that proposed by Henry Ford 100 years ago:

“Under the Energy Currency [Bitcoin] system the standard would be a certain amount of energy exerted for one hour that would be equal to 1 USD. It’s simply a case of thinking and calculating in terms different from those laid down to us by the international banking group to which we have grown so accustomed that we think there is no other desirable standard.” – Ford, NY Times 1921

Ford could see the ills being exerted on the world by a small cadre of financial elites during the Great War. His forward-thinking idea would come to fruition a century later, with batteries ‘hash machine’ computers all helping to facilitate an endless stream of blockchain transactions. Ford believed this type of ‘Energy Currency’ would level the global playing field. Suddenly CAR, with abundant power generating capacity, could become self-sufficient and take its rightful place high-up in the global economy. Those states in Europe would have to provide some useful service in return for their energy currency, rather than simply print pounds, euros or dollars which decline in value year-on-year.

The model of an energy currency, where you prove your work and earn a hard currency asset in return, is working for Bitcoin. It generates a hard asset that is verifiable from Brussels to Burkina Faso. Proof-of-work is arguably the most important aspect of Bitcoin’s value. In contrast, Sango Coin was designed to be ‘proof-of-stake.’  That means that whoever owns the coins has a say over the minting process. There are no miners, no work required – it is simply a token. Thus, the state would control the creation of new coins, decide how the coin was regulated, and could change those conditions whenever it wanted to. It was too sweet of an offer for President Touadéra to refuse. He could build his own currency from scratch. He was, in my opinion, blinkered to the cold realities of such a project. The government never made it clear how the nations resources would be tied into the currency, or how it would fit in with prior statements on Bitcoin, and it would not publish much of the technical information of Sango Coin. This opacity may be its undoing, and I believe could lead to the failure of the project.

No wonder then that the reception for Sango coin has been frosty. On its opening day, it has only sold 5% of the first mint. Usually, if a crypto product is healthy it will sell-out and begin to appreciate in price as more people demand the limited supply. With just over $1million of its $21 million available sold, it tappearso have fallen way short of its creators’ expectations. It seems even the irresistible offer of cheap land couldn’t sway many buyers. It looks like, for now, CAR’s dream of a crypto-boom is just a mirage. But these are early days in this novel economic sphere, and I hold out hope that as time progresses, the understanding of these technologies will develop and begin to emancipate people from economic tyranny.

It seems that everywhere whether we look in the Bitcoin space, or the stock market, we find the common thread. Misunderstanding the technology leads to mistakes and malfeasance. The 2007 Lehman Brothers collapse was brought about by a conglomeration of nested investment products. Packages of mortgage debts, re-bundled and laundered through corrupt rating agencies, lead to a spiraling bubble in sub-prime debts. This complex lattice of derivative products formed a smokescreen behind which nefarious actors could make a quick buck and leave. Ultimately, nobody was jailed because the scam was so complicated, nobody could be implicated directly. Sadly, this occurs just as easily in the crypto-currency sphere.

De-Fi and Tumbling Bitcoin

In the last month, the price of Bitcoin has more than halved. The total market capitalisation of all crypto-currencies has also halved. Now there are many causes of this decline in price. Some exogenous causes, from outside of the system can certainly be implicated. The general negative economic environment mean there is less easy money around and some people had to pull out their recent investments in crypto-currency. And some causes of the price fall are endogenous. For one thing, Tesla liquidated 75% of its Bitcoin holdings to cover its running costs for this year. This created a large sell pressure as supply increased rapidly. However, more integral to the drop is the de-fi collapse; in particular the case of Celsius.

‘De-fi’ is short for decentralised finance. It refers to any financial activity which takes place using decentralised tokens and networks – those largely made up of individuals and small companies. To some it offers a great hope for a future of banking free from centralised control and censorship. Others see a Wild West, where under-regulation leads to a plethora of scams and swindles. As the economic outlook worsened, the de-fi space was hit hardest. It relied on lots of fresh investment and saw a huge boom riding on the back of crypto-currency’s latest ballooning. Yet when those lines of liquidity (money) dried up, the house of cards stacked atop tumbled down. Amongst the many companies who have dissolved or broken down recently, it is Celsius which typifies the problem most clearly.

According to Celsius’ website, the company was dreamed up on the back of a napkin in 2017. By 2018 they had formed a company and launched a new token, known as CEL. The CEO, Alex Mashinsky, had been a successful entrepreneur in other financial products, and brought a cult-like following to the company. What Celsius offered was a place to save your money outside of the bank, and a place to invest your money outside of the stock market. It would be the middle man allowing somebody with Bitcoin holdings to offer them up for loans, without having to sell them. This is an attractive prospect for those seeking to avoid the taxable event at the point of sale of the Bitcoin asset. The owner could then claim the interest on the loan. Similarly somebody could take out a loan of Bitcoin, use it for investment, and return the original amount plus interest, without having to have a lot of money to start with. It seemed like a win-win, and many regular people began to pile in seeking to garner some easy profit.

Yet it was too good to be true. Earlier this year, there began rumblings among some investors that Celsius was not being clear with what they were doing with people’s investments. It turns out they had been undertaking shady activities. They had invested in high-risk companies, some of which collapsed. They also were gaming their own token: pumping up the price and selling off their own private holdings. All the while they were making spurious claims about how secure their service was, and downplayed the huge risks they took. The company had started with honest intentions but came to embody the worst of legacy finance institutions, corruption, obfuscation and outright crime. What began as a decentralised lending platform had grown into an unregulated bank and an unregistered high-risk hedge fund both of which are highly illegal.

It all came to a head when investors tried to pull out their money and withdrawals were stopped. Celsius had to declare bankruptcy and is going through the process of administration. They still refuse to declare how big the black hole in the balance sheet is. Investors, who were lured in by the promise of easy profit and the crypto-currency dream of escaping the banksters, were betrayed. Some larger investors, even upon doing due diligence, could not see any warning signs until it was too late. The complex structures involved in these de-fi products make it very unclear where the risk truly lies. There have even been cases of suicide due to retirees having gambled and lost their pensions on this scheme. Doubtless Mashinsky will face his day in court, but it is little comfort to those who lost their life savings and won’t get them back.

Tying these stories together, that of CAR and their initial folly into Sango Coin, and those who lost out when the mirage of Celsius’ easy profit disappeared into thin air – shows that it is hard for many to gain a clear understanding of how this space actually works. These cases demonstrate that the biggest thing hampering crypto-currency adoption is lack of knowledge. As with all technologies, they start with a few people who understand it, and slowly filter out into the general population. We are still early.

We have seen Bitcoin adopted as legal tender in El Salvador, which has shown some strength, and may develop some resilience as time goes on. It has certainly captured the attention of South America, who remembers well the tyranny of the US dollar. We also see that Russia is prepared to accept Bitcoin in trade for some commodities, including oil and gas, which could expand in utility with its allies China and Turkey. International financier Christine Lagarde has publicly opined about the use of Bitcoin as an escape valve or loophole for people and nations to escape the yoke economic sanctions and financial tyranny. The Bank of International Settlements, the cadre who pulls the strings at the world’s central banks, have tried to downplay Bitcoin as just another Dutch Tulip: a meaningless asset with no intrinsic value. Yet, millions of people around the world use Bitcoin to cheaply send money home to their family, millions of businesses around the world accept it for payments and nation states themselves hold it in their reserves alongside other hard assets like gold. Even Lagarde’s own European Central Bank admits it will one day have Bitcoin held in its vaults.

So the state of crypto-currency today is… we’ll have to wait and see. There is huge hope for that emancipatory blockchain. There also is fear and uncertainty about its future. One thing is for sure, it’s not going away, and it gets more interesting by the day. It is my belief that as the level of understanding about this new technology increases, so will its usage and concurrently so will the benefits. The proof-of-work nature of Bitcoin – an energy currency, is one of the great innovations of the technological era. It offers an alternative to centralised currencies which are subject to the whims of their overlords and which have been used globally as tools of oppression.

Somehow Bitcoin retains a mystique, despite everybody having heard of it. Yet, once it breaks out of its cage, there’s no telling how far the Bitcoin revolution will run.

blakelovewell

60 responses to “Sango Coin: Post-Colonial CAR and the State of Crypto”

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    for optimizing efficiency and other well being parameters.
    Also part of the process of protein synthesis, isoleucine aids with the ingestion of leucine acids, activating the metabolic
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    It’s also better to restrict your serving of creatine to 3-8g at
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    Exploring further dietary supplements and personalising your routine might help you obtain your
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    They say it’s a stable performer, does its job, and
    has sufficient citrulline for good pumps.

    Remember, BCAA are present in meat, poultry, dairy merchandise and some greens.
    When it comes to these vitamins, Emily Danckers, MS, RD,
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    Others could choose to take them individually at specific times all through the day.
    Experiment with totally different approaches to seek out what fits your preferences and schedule.
    Some people may expertise delicate gastrointestinal discomfort when taking glutamine
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  57. By separating your body parts into totally different days,
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    by creating a bedtime routine and permitting your self to get a
    full night’s sleep.
    The extensive grip front lat pulldown hits the back and
    biceps. If you like pull-ups (which are accomplished together with your palms dealing with forwards, in contrast to chin-ups where your
    palms face you) and you’re able to do 3 sets of 5-10 pull-ups using good form, do pull-ups
    instead. The dumbbell hammer curl is completed with your thumbs up and palms facing
    each other like you’re holding a hammer. Doing the train this
    manner, quite than together with your palms going through up, nonetheless hits the biceps,
    but brings the brachialis, one other muscle in your upper arm,
    into play.
    That being stated, low-intensity cardio like 20 minutes of motorcycle using, strolling, and so
    forth. isn’t more probably to dent your gains all that a lot and may be good for coronary heart
    well being and enjoyment throughout. So, when in doubt, all the time err on the side
    of too many calories than not sufficient. Don’t be stunned if after a heavy deadlift day you find yourself eager to sleep for 10 hours.
    NF Coach Matt recommends the following technique, as long as you also know there are tradeoffs!
    Get strong and eat a SLIGHT caloric deficit whereas consuming sufficient
    protein daily. Nonetheless, some folks could discover it troublesome to get that proper level of “challenge” with certain body weight actions.
    You could need to eat at instances whenever you don’t
    really feel all that hungry.
    If you are just starting, think about a full body or upper/lower cut up.
    These choices present a strong foundation for
    constructing muscle and improving energy. As you progress, you might experiment with extra specialised splits, like Push/Pull/Legs or a Bro break up, to fine-tune your training.
    By the time you progress on to your 4th exercise, your
    deltoids are already going to be firing as a result of deadlifts and
    bench presses. As nicely as focusing on your front delts, the barbell overhead
    press may even hit your pecs, traps and mid-back. You May just be doing
    three sets of this train, with a focus on eccentric reps.
    But then we throw in a burn out set to totally annihilate the shoulders.

    After time you will likely discover that your physique adapts, so try to
    not abandon the program too shortly if this is in reality what you find.
    When this tissue is stretched you will note increases in muscle growth.

    There will be a higher deliverance of minerals, amino acids and oxygen to the tissues.

    You May want to purpose to carry out the 5 X 5 protocol for the core workout routines as described above and then reduce
    on the quantity for the accent lifts. Both tools can work excellently for muscle constructing, and it is doubtless different components that may determine which is essentially the most helpful in your state
    of affairs.
    It ties into progressive overload; you should lift
    somewhat heavier or do yet one more rep than final time to continue to grow, and a workout log is the best way that can assist you remember what you want to beat.
    In brief, common resistance coaching (that’s your consistency), proper nutrition, and ample relaxation and
    recovery are your magic beans for muscle development.
    It also makes sure you’re not wasting time on ineffective workout routines.
    As An Alternative, every minute of your exercise is optimized for maximum
    muscle achieve. It’s like having a secret map to find new paths and
    keep climbing greater on Mount Gainsmore. A structured exercise plan is a must when you’re attempting to build muscle quick.

    Another big benefit to this kind of set-up is the truth that it’ll let you
    embrace more isolated exercises. If you want to specifically target one of many smaller muscle teams (biceps, triceps, lateral
    deltoid, etc), you can do so extra easily.
    Some people might select to solely make use of the FST-7 precept in considered one of their workouts for a very lagging muscle group, whereas others might strive it by
    way of all exercises during the week. There are advanced variations with
    German Quantity Training that convey the rep vary lower to permit for extra weight.

    The analysis means that you’ll promote more muscle mass lifting
    three,200 kg than you’ll say 1,300 kg. Learn why density sets, dropsets,
    and double rest-pause sets can be great coaching instruments.
    You could also be stunned to see that you’re not straying away from free-weight workout routines on this routine.
    Some of the so-called specialists could tell people over 40 to do extra machines because free-weights can cause injury.

    As I beforehand mentioned it is sensible to alternate between workouts and never have the identical
    routine. Adding variability to your exercises prevents
    your body from getting accustomed to them. Thus, stopping you from hitting a
    plateau and boosting muscle gain. If you’re a beginner,
    you will find it onerous going to the health
    club 6 instances.
    Most individuals also discover that they turn out to be hungrier while following this program,
    which is consultant of the intense nature of it. I’m going to wrap this text up by answering
    some common questions on gaining muscle. When substituting workouts just remember to follow the (Mass) and (Isolated) markers.
    For example, you swap your Bench Press (Mass) for Decline Bench Press (Mass).

    Quite than Bench Press (Mass) for Cable Flyes (Isolated).
    When it comes to picking what meals to eat, a registered dietitian can advise you specifically.

    For that purpose, apply progressive overload to all workout routines
    in this system. There’s nothing worse than getting began on a
    heavy set of bench press and pulling a pectoral muscle, which may have easily been prevented with some simple
    chest stretches. Workout Routines on the secondary day will nonetheless challenge
    you however these secondary days characteristic extra compound than isolation workouts,
    so the “direct hit” the goal muscle tissue take is reduced.
    The 12 week program is a variation on an Upper-Lower split,
    with the upper body divided into Shoulders, and Chest-Back.
    “They’re definitely not sufficient to make you strong.” Consider
    it or not, an in-depth analysis found that push-ups and bench presses are related in each muscle activation and
    total muscle gains. This does not imply push-ups ought to be
    all you do, nevertheless it means they undoubtedly ought to have a spot
    in your repertoire.
    But if you get into the actual exercises under, you’ll see that you’re going to be doing compound exercises
    with heavyweights. You should attempt each one of these routines and utilize them
    for an prolonged period of time. Use any one
    of these programs for so lengthy as you’ll have the ability to keep making results, then transfer to the subsequent one.
    In order to build muscle you must be progressive along with
    your coaching. No matter which program you attempt, all
    the time be sure to are adding more reps, units, or weight to the bar.

    For me, it happens first thing within the morning because that’s
    when I practice. And I’m going to give you a fast ritual to follow as a guide.
    So you have to just remember to have the right intent before stepping foot into the gym.
    In truth, the lads were able to crank out, on common, three additional reps
    on the leg extension machine once they did leg
    curls immediately, 30 seconds or 60 seconds earlier.

    Lastly, it’s the lying EZ bar extension, which is
    a little easier on the elbows in comparison with
    a straight bar. In the start position, your arms ought to be at a slight angle.

    Max-OT is a good program for someone who is under a time schedule.
    If your time is proscribed, look no farther than this program.
    The only downside is that you’ll want a spotter for plenty of your units.
    You shall be working every set to failure — it wouldn’t
    be smart to do this without a spotter. A main con with this program is the dearth of frequency
    and lack of volume.
    Your ultimate four weeks are going to shift slightly into gaining
    extra muscle definition while sustaining the mass you’ve gained and maybe gaining even more measurement.

    But if you need to keep it hardcore you can go
    for the complete 12 weeks and not utilizing a deload –
    but concentrate on as a lot leisure as potential in your days off.
    They change in every workout and help to maintain your smaller muscle tissue progressing… and to maintain you interested too.
    It’s currently thought that quantity triggers protein synthesis rather more effectively then intensity – and that results in larger muscle cell levels.
    That’s as a end result of your muscle tissue are composed of different varieties of muscle
    fibers. But as increasingly more analysis comes out although, we’re realizing that you can create an adaptation at
    pretty much each rep range – from heavy to light.

    If you’re a newbie, take a glance at any of those
    three programs. They’ll introduce you to weight training
    with the best exercises and prepare your physique for extra advanced
    routines like a push pull legs break up. Building a large, thick, detailed again isn’t
    a model new idea revealed exclusively to modern-day bodybuilders like Ronnie
    Coleman, Jay Cutler, and Phil Heath. Arnold, Franco Columbu, and others they
    skilled with additionally knew the significance of
    the back double-biceps and lat spread poses for profitable major competitions.

    A frequent misconception is that happening a food regimen will help you
    shed pounds, and you’ll lastly reach your physique targets or picture that you’ve been trying so desperately
    to attain. Granted, you may lose a quantity of pounds before seaside season, but for virtually all of us, it’s
    simply not sustainable. A push day workout is an efficient way to enhance strength and muscle measurement in many of the main muscular
    tissues in your upper body. If you find this routine to be tough at any
    given point, that’s as a outcome of it’s. The main aim of this exercise routine is
    to maximise muscle growth and help muscle progress by focussing on progressive overload coaching.
    Whether Or Not your purpose is to construct skeletal muscle or muscle mass,
    improve muscle achieve, or improve general muscle perform, this workout plan provides an entire A-Z approach to muscle improvement.

    A Push/Pull/Legs cut up is often thought of more efficient
    than a Bro Break Up as a outcome of it permits each muscle
    group to be trained twice per week as an alternative of once.
    Nonetheless, a Bro Cut Up can still be efficient if training depth and quantity are excessive enough.
    The best option is determined by individual objectives,
    recovery, and training consistency. It refers again to the total quantity of
    labor done, typically measured in sets and reps.
    Totally Different splits require completely
    different volume methods to be effective. If you discover that you’re persistently sore or not recovering nicely, consider adjusting your split.

    You may need to include extra relaxation days or cut back the variety of sets per session. Discovering the proper coaching frequency is
    important for muscle growth.
    They’d load up a quantity of automobiles with weights (and admiring girls) and drive to a
    remote space within the bushes where they could practice.
    They’d squat from morning until afternoon, relaxation, party,
    drink beer, then go proper again to squatting once more.

    Early in his bodybuilding profession, Arnold’s deltoids have
    been the weakest facet of his upper physique.

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